https://patthomson.net/
https://patthomson.net/2012/04/06/concluding-the-journal-article/
raulresearch
miércoles, 10 de agosto de 2016
jueves, 25 de febrero de 2016
Motivation in Educational Contexts: Does Gender Matter?
Chapter One – Motivation in Educational Contexts: Does Gender Matter?
- School of Education, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
- Available online 22 August 2014
Abstract
Girls and women now outperform boys and men on many indices of academic achievement. Gender differences in motivation may underlie these trends. In this chapter, I review and integrate research on gender differences in self-evaluation, self-regulation, and achievement goals. I argue for the existence of gendered tendencies “to prove” versus “to try and to improve,” whereby males tend to orient to demonstrating and defending their abilities, and females to working hard and addressing deficiencies. I discuss how these motivations develop within social and educational contexts of learning, and intersect with gendered patterns of socialization, values, and behaviors in other arenas, especially relational ones. Recurring themes include the costs and benefits of differential emphases on competition and self-promotion versus affiliation and consideration of others in the family, peer group, and classroom. I conclude with some recommendations for creating classroom environments that might promote optimal motivation among all students, regardless of gender.
Keywords
- Gender differences;
- Achievement motivation;
- Self-evaluation;
- Social motives;
- Gender socialization
miércoles, 24 de febrero de 2016
SPRINGER Author Academy
SPRINGER Author Academy
http://academy.springer.com/node/3648
Overview of IMRaD structure
IMRaD refers to the standard structure of the body of scientific manuscripts (after the Title and Abstract:
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Results
- Discussion and Conclusions
Not all journals use these section titles in this order, but most published articles have a structure similar to IMRaD. This standard structure:
- Gives a logical flow to the content
- Makes journal manuscripts predictable and easy to read
- Provides a “map” so that readers can quickly find content of interest in any manuscript
- Reminds authors what content should be included
BUT… although the sections of the journal manuscript are published in the order: Title, Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion, this is NOT the best order for writing the sections of a manuscript. One strategy is to write your manuscript in the following order:
1. Materials and Methods
2. Results
2. Results
These can be written first, as you are doing your experiments and collecting the results.
3. Introduction
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion
Write these sections next, once you have decided on your target journal.
6. Title
7. Abstract
7. Abstract
Write your Title and Abstract based on all the other sections.
Following this order will help you write a logical and consistent manuscript.
Use the different sections of a manuscript to ‘tell a story’ about your research and its implications.
Title, Abstract and Keywords
The Importance of Titles
An effective title should:
- Convey the main topics of the study
- Highlight the importance of the research
- Be concise
- Attract readers
Writing a good title for your manuscript can be challenging. First, list the topics covered by the manuscript. Try to put all of the topics together in the title using as few words as possible. A title that is too long will seem clumsy, annoy readers, and probably not meet journal requirements.
Example:
Does Vaccinating Children and Adolescents with Inactivated Influenza Virus Inhibit the Spread of Influenza in Unimmunized Residents of Rural Communities?
This title has too many unnecessary words.
Influenza Vaccination of Children: A Randomized Trial
This title doesn’t give enough information about what makes the manuscript interesting.
Effect of Child Influenza Vaccination on Infection Rates in Rural Communities: A Randomized Trial
This is an effective title. It is short, easy to understand, and conveys the important aspects of the research.
Think about why your research will be of interest to other scientists. This should be related to the reason you decided to study the topic. If your title makes this clear, it will likely attract more readers to your manuscript.
Abstract and Keywords
- A summary of the content of the journal manuscript
- A time-saving shortcut for busy researchers
- A guide to the most important parts of your manuscript’s written content
Many readers will only read the Abstract of your manuscript. Therefore, it has to be able to stand alone.
Your Abstract should answer these questions about your manuscript:
- What was done?
- Why did you do it?
- What did you find?
- Why are these findings useful and important?
Answering these questions lets readers know the most important points about your study, and helps them decide whether they want to read the rest of the paper. Make sure you follow the proper journal manuscript formatting guidelines when preparing your abstract.
Keywords are a tool to help indexers and search engines find relevant papers. If database search engines can find your journal manuscript, readers will be able to find it too. This will increase the number of people reading your manuscript, and likely lead to more citations.
However, to be effective, Keywords must be chosen carefully. They should:
- Represent the content of your manuscript
- Be specific to your field or sub-field
Examples:
Manuscript title: Direct observation of nonlinear optics in an isolated carbon nanotube
Poor keywords: molecule, optics, lasers, energy lifetime
Better keywords: single-molecule interaction, Kerr effect, carbon nanotubes, energy level structure
Manuscript title: Region-specific neuronal degeneration after okadaic acid administration
Poor keywords: neuron, brain, OA (an abbreviation), regional-specific neuronal degeneration, signaling
Better keywords: neurodegenerative diseases; CA1 region, hippocampal; okadaic acid; neurotoxins; MAP kinase signaling system; cell death
Manuscript title: Increases in levels of sediment transport at former glacial-interglacial transitions
Poor keywords: climate change, erosion, plant effects
Better keywords: quaternary climate change, soil erosion, bioturbation
Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results
Introduction
The Introduction should provide readers with the background information needed to understand your study, and the reasons why you conducted your experiments.
The Introduction should answer the question:
What question/problem was studied?
While writing the background, make sure your citations are:
- Well balanced: If experiments have found conflicting results on a question, have you cited studies with both kinds of results?
- Current: Every field is different, but you should aim to cite references that are not more than 10 years old if possible.
- Relevant: This is the most important requirement. The studies you cite should be strongly related to your research question.
Once you have provided background material and stated the problem or question for your study, tell the reader the purpose of your study. Usually the reason is to fill a gap in the knowledge or to answer a previously unanswered question. For example, if a drug is known to work well in one population, but has never been tested in a different population, the purpose of a study could be to test the efficacy and safety of the drug in the second population.
The final thing to include at the end of your Introduction is a clear and exact statement of your study aims. You might also explain (very briefly!) how you conducted the study.
Materials and Methods
This section provides the reader with all the details of how you conducted your study. You should:
- Use subheadings to separate different methodologies
- Describe what you did in the past tense
- Describe new methods in enough detail that another researcher can reproduce your experiment
- Describe established methods briefly, and simply cite a reference where readers can find more detail
- State all statistical tests and parameters
Results
- As in the Materials and Methods section, usesubheadings to separate the results of different experiments.
- Results should be presented in a logical order. In general this will be in order of importance, NOT necessarily the order in which the experiments were performed. Use the past tense to describe your results; however, refer to figures and tables in the present tense.
- Do not duplicate data among figures, tables, and text. A common mistake is to re-state much of the data from a table in the text of the manuscript. Instead, use the text to summarize what the reader will find in the table, or mention one or two of the most important data points. It is usually much easier to read data in a table than in the text.
- Include the results of statistical analyses in the text, usually by providing p values wherever statistically significant differences are described.
Discussion and Conclusions
Your Discussion and Conclusions sections should answer the question: What do your results mean?
In other words, the majority of the Discussion and Conclusions sections should be an interpretation of your results. You should:
- Discuss your conclusions in order of most to least important.
- Compare your results with those from other studies: Are they consistent? If not, discuss possible reasons for the difference.
- Mention any inconclusive results and explain them as best you can. You may suggest additional experiments needed to clarify your results.
- Briefly describe the limitations of your study to show reviewers and readers that you have considered your experiment’s weaknesses.
- Discuss what your results may mean for researchers in the same field as you, researchers in other fields, and the general public. How could your findings be applied?
- State how your results extend the findings of previous studies.
- If your findings are preliminary, suggest future studies that need to be carried out.
- At the end of your Discussion and Conclusions sections, state your main conclusions once again.
Tables
Tables are a concise and effective way to present large amounts of data. You should design them carefully so that you clearly communicate your results to busy researchers.
The following is an example of a well-designed table:
- Clear and concise heading
- Data divided into categories for clarity
- Sufficient spacing between columns and rows
- Units are provided
- Font type and size are legible
lunes, 22 de febrero de 2016
Proposta guión artigo cualitativo (resumo art Consejos prácticos para escribir...)
Proposta guión artigo cualitativo
introducción,
los antecedentes teóricos y empíricos (cualitativos aunque
también, en su caso, cuantitativos) sobre el tema investigado,
la pregunta de investigación,
la formulación de los objetivos,
las principales variables o dimensiones del objeto y las
hipótesis de nuestro estudio (si las hubiera).
Asimismo, sobre todo en aquellas cuestiones que tengan
trascendencia pública, puede resultar enriquecedor conrelevancia social del
tema abordado.
método,
La elección de la muestra,
la metodología utilizada
para recoger y analizar los datos; el método de investigación
debe ser claramente expresado: etnografía, teoría
fundamentada o fenomenología (método)
la explicación clara del proceso de codificación, entrevistas
semiestructuradas y/o grupos focales (técnica)
las formas previstas
para evaluar la fiabilidad y validez de nuestros hallazgos y
la posibilidad de
replicar el estudio en condiciones similares marcarán el rumbo de esta sección
proponemos los siguientes contenidos para el apartado de
método:
diseño de investigación,
inicial
emergente
descripción de la muestra y de
los escenarios,
procedimiento,
dos
elementos clave a la hora de poder replicar el estudio: el procedimiento empírico
seguido en la recogida de datos y el análisis de la información cualitativa
obtenida
En la
práctica, desarrollar de forma precisa el apartado de procedimiento implicaría
reflejar los siguientes aspectos:
a) Los
contactos con los informantes y escenarios: indicar las carac- terísticas o
posición de la persona de contacto, número de contac- tos, protocolos seguidos,
etc.
b) La forma de
seleccionar los sujetos incluidos en la muestra. Debe especificarse cómo se ha
obtenido la muestra ya que, por ejemplo, no es lo mismo elegirla nosotros que
pedir al personal de un cen- tro educativo que sean ellos quienes la
seleccionen o hacer un grupo de discusión con una muestra que forma parte de un
grupo ya establecido o con sujetos que no se conocían con anterioridad.
c) La aplicación
de la técnica de recogida. Ya que las técnicas utiliza- das han sido descritas
con anterioridad, aquí se expondrían los elementos que reflejen cómo se han
desarrollado estas, desde un punto de vista procedimental, en la investigación
a la que se hace referencia. Las técnicas más frecuentemente usadas son
entrevis- tas en profundidad, grupos de discusión, observación participante,
notas de campo, análisis de documentos y/o diarios personales, etc. (Martín,
1997).
d) El proceso
de recogida de datos. La información que debe especi- ficarse en este punto es
la relativa a solicitud de permisos, infor- mación o no previa a los
participantes, entrevistadores, espacios, horarios, protocolos de entrevista u
observación seguidos, mate- riales y dispositivos usados en la evaluación,
incidencias que per- judicaron el proceso inicialmente planteado, cambios que
se han producido tanto voluntarios como involuntarios, procesamiento posterior
de la información, etc..
estrategias de recogida y
análisis de datos y, por último,
medidas encaminadas a defender la
fiabilidad y validez de la propuesta
resultados,
discusión,
conclusiones e
implicaciones para la práctica,
viernes, 19 de febrero de 2016
Intro artigo Vicente Romo
"Diferencias de género respecto al conocimiento y uso de las competencias por parte de profesores de matemáticas, ciencias y EF".
Introducción: (550 palabras)
2 párrafos sobre competencias y diferencias de género, recogidas de Web of Science, de los últimos 5 años. Prestar atención a artículos de revisión sobre el tema
1 párrafo sobre lo que no se sabe respecto a las diferencias de género...
1 párrafo explicando porqué es interesante saberlo...
hipótesis
objetivo del trabajo
USC, biblioteca, bases de datos, WOS, search WOS Core Collection.
Introducción: (550 palabras)
2 párrafos sobre competencias y diferencias de género, recogidas de Web of Science, de los últimos 5 años. Prestar atención a artículos de revisión sobre el tema
1 párrafo sobre lo que no se sabe respecto a las diferencias de género...
1 párrafo explicando porqué es interesante saberlo...
hipótesis
objetivo del trabajo
USC, biblioteca, bases de datos, WOS, search WOS Core Collection.
domingo, 14 de febrero de 2016
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